When you think about a non-profit, the first thing that often comes to mind is that it is tax-exempt. Most non-profits are not subject to federal, state, and local income tax.
Does that mean non-profits are completely free of ANY tax liability? The answer to this is likely no – there are still some taxes that a non-profit might be liable for. If you are considering starting a non-profit organization, you won’t want to be surprised, so we’ll break it down for you.
Taxes That Do NOT Apply to Non-Profits
Generally a non-profit is not subject to income tax at the federal, state, or local level on funds raised in direct association with the organization’s mission. The reasoning behind this exemption is that it allows more resources to be put toward its cause(s).
A non-profit that qualifies for federal tax-exempt status is also exempt from paying property tax in all 50 states, by law. Sales tax is also often waived for certain transactions related to the organization’s mission, but not always. It depends on the nature and amount of sales activities of the non-profit.
Taxes That Do Apply to Non-Profits
If a non-profit organization hires employees, it will be subject to payroll taxes. Just like employees of for-profit entities, these individuals are required to pay tax on their earnings, and the organization is liable for the employer’s share of the payroll taxes.
Sales and use tax may also need to be paid. With sales tax, there is a distinction between paying sales tax on purchases, and collecting and remitting sales tax on sales. A non-profit may need to pay sales tax on purchases from a vendor depending on the rules of its state and other considerations.
On the flip side, if a non-profit is engaged in a business activity unrelated to its charitable mission and/or involved in sales of taxable items or services to customers, it may be obligated to collect and remit sales tax.
It is important to distinguish between these two areas and keep in mind that even if a non-profit is exempted from paying sales tax on purchases, that exemption does not necessarily extend to collecting and remitting sales tax on outside sales.
Another area where a non-profit might be liable to pay tax would be on what is called Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI). This is income that is unrelated to the nonprofit’s core mission. As an example, a fundraising event to sell merchandise to raise money for equipment that will directly help carry out the entity’s cause would NOT be considered an unrelated activity, despite the sale of items to customers, because the money is going directly towards helping to advance the charitable mission.
On the other hand, if that merchandise is sold as part of a trade or business that is regularly carried on by the nonprofit and the proceeds are used to fund general operating costs like payroll or office expenses and not specific program expenses, that income could be considered UBTI because it is not substantially related to the organization’s charitable purpose.
If a non-profit has over $1,000 of UBTI it must file Form 990-T and pay tax on that income. If the non-profit is structured as a corporation, it will pay the flat 21 percent rate on that income, like the 21 percent tax paid by for-profit corporations. If it’s set up as a trust it will be taxed at trust rates, the highest of which is 37 percent. Because this is a gray area of the law and subject to some interpretation, it is highly recommended that a non-profit seeks the advice of a tax professional in navigating the rules and determining if it is subject to UBTI reporting and taxation.
So, as you can see, taxes are not completely off the table just because an organization is exempt from federal income tax. Several different types of tax could come into play for a non-profit, depending on whether it has employees, the nature of its activities, and other considerations.
If you need help with taxes in your non-profit, please contact us at 847-240-1040 or contact us online.
